Foot-To-Ball N+1 Mac OS

adminMay 29 2021

Foot-To-Ball N+1 Mac OS

Mac OS X Server 1.0 was a preview of what was in store for Mac OS X. It was based on the earlier Rhapsody releases and contained a mix of technologies. The UI style was that of the Mac OS 8 Platinum style, file management took place through the NeXTStep Workspace Manager, and classic Mac OS applications could be ran in the Mac OS 8 'blue box.

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Apr 21, 2021 How to update Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac. Microsoft regularly publishes software updates to improve performance, security, and to deliver new features. To update Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac, a program named Microsoft AutoUpdate (MAU) is used. To learn more, see Deploy updates for Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.
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Applies to:

Want to experience Microsoft Defender for Endpoint? Sign up for a free trial.

This topic describes how to install, configure, update, and use Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

Caution

Running other third-party endpoint protection products alongside Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac is likely to lead to performance problems and unpredictable side effects. If non-Microsoft endpoint protection is an absolute requirement in your environment, you can still safely take advantage of Defender for Endpoint on Mac EDR functionality after configuring the antivirus functionality to run in Passive mode.

What’s new in the latest release

Tip

If you have any feedback that you would like to share, submit it by opening Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac on your device and navigating to Help > Send feedback.

To get the latest features, including preview capabilities (such as endpoint detection and response for your Mac devices), configure your macOS device running Microsoft Defender for Endpoint to be an 'Insider' device.

How to install Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac

Prerequisites

A Defender for Endpoint subscription and access to the Microsoft Defender Security Center portal
Beginner-level experience in macOS and BASH scripting
Administrative privileges on the device (in case of manual deployment)

Installation instructions

There are several methods and deployment tools that you can use to install and configure Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

Third-party management tools:
Command-line tool:

System requirements

The three most recent major releases of macOS are supported.

Important

On macOS 11 (Big Sur), Microsoft Defender for Endpoint requires additional configuration profiles. If you are an existing customer upgrading from earlier versions of macOS, make sure to deploy the additional configuration profiles listed on New configuration profiles for macOS Catalina and newer versions of macOS.

Important

Support for macOS 10.13 (High Sierra) has been discontinued as of February 15th, 2021.

11 (Big Sur), 10.15 (Catalina), 10.14 (Mojave)
Disk space: 1GB

Beta versions of macOS are not supported.

macOS devices with M1 processors are not supported.

After you've enabled the service, you may need to configure your network or firewall to allow outbound connections between it and your endpoints.

Licensing requirements

Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac requires one of the following Microsoft Volume Licensing offers:

Microsoft 365 E5 (M365 E5)
Microsoft 365 E5 Security
Microsoft 365 A5 (M365 A5)

Note

Eligible licensed users may use Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on up to five concurrent devices.Microsoft Defender for Endpoint is also available for purchase from a Cloud Solution Provider (CSP). When purchased via a CSP, it does not require Microsoft Volume Licensing offers listed.

Network connections

The following downloadable spreadsheet lists the services and their associated URLs that your network must be able to connect to. You should ensure that there are no firewall or network filtering rules that would deny access to these URLs, or you may need to create an allow rule specifically for them.

Spreadsheet of domains list	Description
	Spreadsheet of specific DNS records for service locations, geographic locations, and OS. Download the spreadsheet here: mdatp-urls.xlsx.

Microsoft Defender for Endpoint can discover a proxy server by using the following discovery methods:

Proxy autoconfig (PAC)
Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol (WPAD)
Manual static proxy configuration

If a proxy or firewall is blocking anonymous traffic, make sure that anonymous traffic is permitted in the previously listed URLs.

Warning

Pearl warriors slot machine. Authenticated proxies are not supported. Ensure that only PAC, WPAD, or a static proxy is being used.

SSL inspection and intercepting proxies are also not supported for security reasons. Configure an exception for SSL inspection and your proxy server to directly pass through data from Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on macOS to the relevant URLs without interception. Adding your interception certificate to the global store will not allow for interception.

To test that a connection is not blocked, open https://x.cp.wd.microsoft.com/api/report and https://cdn.x.cp.wd.microsoft.com/ping in a browser.

If you prefer the command line, you can also check the connection by running the following command in Terminal:

The output from this command should be similar to the following:

OK https://x.cp.wd.microsoft.com/api/report

OK https://cdn.x.cp.wd.microsoft.com/ping

Caution

We recommend that you keep System Integrity Protection (SIP) enabled on client devices. SIP is a built-in macOS security feature that prevents low-level tampering with the OS, and is enabled by default.

Once Microsoft Defender for Endpoint is installed, connectivity can be validated by running the following command in Terminal:

How to update Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac

Microsoft regularly publishes software updates to improve performance, security, and to deliver new features. To update Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac, a program named Microsoft AutoUpdate (MAU) is used. To learn more, see Deploy updates for Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

How to configure Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac

Guidance for how to configure the product in enterprise environments is available in Set preferences for Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

macOS kernel and system extensions

In alignment with macOS evolution, we are preparing a Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac update that leverages system extensions instead of kernel extensions. For relevant details, see What's new in Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

Resources

For more information about logging, uninstalling, or other topics, see Resources for Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.
Privacy for Microsoft Defender for Endpoint on Mac.

LPC812 MAX Experiment: UART

So far the microcontroller has had limited possibilities to communicate with the user. Technically it would have been possible to communicate information via an LED or a buzzer but it is not a very user friendly method and it would take time to communicate longer messages.

The mbed Microcontroller can communicate with a host PC through a 'USB Virtual Serial Port' over the same USB cable that is used for programming. In this lab you will experiment with that serial port.

Information

Note that the mbed microcontroller is not aware that it appears as a virtual serial port on the Host PC. That is handled by the onboard interface as shown in this image from the mbed-HDK page:

The LPC812 has three UART interfaces:

Peripheral Name	RX Pin	TX Pin	Arduino Shield Alias	EA Serial Header	Description
UART1	PIO0_0	PIO0_4	D0 / D1	Pin 8 / 7	Used for communication
UART2	PIO0_1 / USBRX	PIO0_6 / USBTX	N/A	N/A	USB Virtual Serial Port
UART3	PIO0_10	PIO0_11	SDA / SCL	Pin 10 / 9	Pins shared with I²C

In most cases you will only use UART2 and only for printing. UART1 can be use for communication with external peripherals. UART3 is rarely used as it shares pins with the I²C bus and can only be used if the I²C bus is unused.

Background

In this experiment you will learn how to work with the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter, or UART for short. The term asynchronous refers to the fact that no explicit clock signal is transmitted. The transmitter and receiver must agree beforehand on the bit rate, i.e., how long time a transmitted bit shall take. The idle state (no transmission) is a high signal. Transmission begins with a start bit, which is low. The negative edge is detected by the receiver and 1.5 bit periods after this, bit sampling begins. Eight data bits are sampled. The least significant bit (LSB) is typically transmitted first. An optional parity bit is then transmitted (for error checking of the data bits). Often this bit is omitted if the transmission channel is assumed to be noise free or if there are error checking higher up in the protocol layers. The transmission is ended by a stop bit. Typically one bit, but 1.5 and 2 bits are sometimes also used. Most common for inter-board communication is 8N1, meaning 8 data bits, no parity and one stop bit.

On a side note, there are methods to determine the bit rate of a received signal but that is out of scope for this experiment.

An UART channel consists of two signals (besides ground):

TXD: transmit data, direction from transmitter to receiver. This is an output.
RXD: receive data, direction from transmitter to receiver. This is an input.

TXD and RXD are crossed between transmitter and receiver, i.e., TXD is connected to RXD and vice versa. For more information about asynchronous serial communication, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication.

Note and understand the difference between the signaling method (asynchronous serial communication) and standards of voltage signaling. The signal drawn in the image above illustrates the signal to/from the UART peripheral inside the LPC800. It is a 3.3V logic signal. This is common for communication between units on the same board, or closely mounted boards. RS232 is a common signaling standard with large voltage swings (+- 3-15V) that is used between units that are physically apart. RS422 and RS485 are other commonly used signaling standards.

Communication is normally point-to-point, meaning that a transmitter sends data to one receiver. There are signaling standards that also supports network topologies (for example RS422 and RS485). Higher protocol layers must then be involved in implementing addressing schemes between the nodes.

Hardware

In these labs you will only need the LPC812 MAX board but it must be modified to allow you to usethe mbed interface's Virtual COM port.

Hardware Modification Needed

If you want to use the mbed interface Virtual COM port you need to modify your LPC812 MAX board. The instructions canbe found in the mbed-NXP-LPC800-MAX-Getting-Started.

Software

Your mbed Microcontroller can appear on your computer as a serial port. On Mac and Linux, this will happen by default. For Windows, you need to install a driver:

Windows

See Windows-serial-configuration for full details about setting up Windows for serial communication with your mbed Microcontroller

On the PC side, a terminal application is needed. A terminal application connects to a COM port and displays everything received and also allows sending data from the application (via keyboard and sending a file). These are examples of a few good terminal applications:

TeraTerm (which is recommended), http://sourceforge.jp/projects/ttssh2/files
PuTTY, http:///www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/
Terminal by Bray, http://sites.google.com/site/braypp/terminal
RealTerm, http://sourceforge.net/projects/realterm/files/

Download and install the selected terminal application. The next step is to configure the application. Typical configuration settings are selecting COM port, setting bit rate (for example 9600 bps), set if parity is used and number of stop bits. Flow control is another setting that is common. Select None for this setting. Other settings require either additional hardware or software support.

For TeraTerm, select New Connection in the File menu. Select the COM port that appears when the FTDI UART-to-USB cable is connected to the PC. Click OK. The screenshot below illustrates the dialog window for setting up a new serial connection.

To set the bit rate and other relevant settings for the serial channel, go to Setup menu and select Serial Port. A dialog, like illustrated in the screenshot below, opens. Make sure Flow control is set to none.

There are many different settings for how the terminal program shall behave (i.e., interpret received characters). Some adjustments might be needed, for example when to start displaying received characters on a new line. Under menu Setup, sub-menu Terminal setup it is possible to control these things. The screenshot below illustrates the settings possible for when a new-line shall be performed on received characters. A common setting is LF, but it also depends on which character the LPC800 application outputs.

Information

Some terminal programs (e.g. TeraTerm) list the available serial ports by name. However, if you do need to know the identity of the serial port so that you can attach a terminal or an application to it:

Windows - Look under the 'Ports' section in 'Device Manager' ('Start -> Control Panel -> System -> Hardware -> Device Manager'). The name will be 'mbed Serial Port (COMx)', where 'x' is the number of the COM port allocated.
Mac OS X - Use the command ls /dev/tty.usbmodem*
Linux - Use the command ls /dev/ttyACM*

1) printf

Communication over the USB Serial port simply uses the standard Serial Interface, specifying the internal (USBTX, USBRX) pins to connect to the Serial Port routed over USB.

The Serial Interface defaults to a 9600 baud standard serial connection (8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity), so your host program should be set to the same settings. If you want to communicate at a different standard baud rate, ensure you modify the settings of both the Serial Interface and the Host PC application!

The program below uses the Serial interface available in the mbed library.

Public Member Functions
Serial (PinName tx, PinName rx, const char *name=NULL)
Create a Serial port, connected to the specified transmit and receive pins.
void	baud (int baudrate)
Set the baud rate of the serial port.
void	format (int bits=8, Parity parity=SerialBase::None, int stop_bits=1)
Set the transmission format used by the serial port.
int	readable ()
Determine if there is a character available to read.
int	writeable ()
Determine if there is space available to write a character.
void	attach (void(*fptr)(void), IrqType type=RxIrq)
Attach a function to call whenever a serial interrupt is generated.
template<typename T >
void	attach (T tptr, void(T::mptr)(void), IrqType type=RxIrq)
Attach a member function to call whenever a serial interrupt is generated.
void	send_break ()
Generate a break condition on the serial line.

Use the following program to verify that everything works. You should see the 'Hello World!' message in your terminal program on the Host PC.

Troubleshoot

If you modify your program and download it on the microcontroller you might need to disconnect and connect the terminal program on the Host PC to see the printouts from your modified program.

Create a program that determines the Endianness of the microcontroller and prints the result. Two nines fine mac os. Assume we have a 32-bit number: 0x0AC0FFEE in hexadecimal notation. The table below illustrates how the bytes are stored differently between a big and little Endian system.

Memory address	n	n+1	n+2	n+3
Big-endian	0x0A	0xC0	0xFF	0xEE
Little-endian	0xEE	0xFF	0xC0	0x0A

Now think of a solution how to test this.

Tip: Create an unsigned int-pointer and an unsigned char-pointer. Let these pointers point to the same unsigned int-variable. Write a value in the unsigned int-variable with the unsigned int-pointer. Then read out the four parts via the unsigned char-pointer.

What Endian does the LPC812 have (little or big endian)?

The printf() function works like normal. It is possible to output strings and general expressions. Verify that this works.

2) Printing events

In this experiment you shall create a program that writes in the console every time a push-button is pressed. For simplicity, use the breadboard setup in the Digital Input Experiment.

3) Reading from the Console

In this experiment we will learn how the microcontroller can read input from the terminal program on the Host PC. The Serial class supplies functions to read and write one character (getc and putc) at a time. The calls are blocking, meaning that the microcontroller will stay in the library function call until the user (on the Host PC side) has entered the characters and hit the enter key.

Test the code below.

Run the program and enter five characters and then hit enter. What happens?

The reason for this is that there is a queue on the Host PC side. Each time getc() is called on the microcontroller side, a character is removed from the queue.

Nova S

As an extra experiment, create a program that reads input from the console and converts it to a number. Check that only digits are entered and that the final number is within the range of a 32-bit number.

4) Performance test

In this experiment we will investigate the performance of the printing functionality. The default speed for the Serial class is 9600 baud which is enough for printing startup messages and warnings but when printing large amounts of data it becomes a limiting factor. The program below uses the Timer class from the mbed library to measure how much time passes when printing.

Public Member Functions
void	start ()
Start the timer.
void	stop ()
Stop the timer.
void	reset ()
Reset the timer to 0.
float	read ()
Get the time passed in seconds.
int	read_ms ()
Get the time passed in mili-seconds.
int	read_us ()
Get the time passed in micro-seconds.