PANDAS Mac OS

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Pandas offer many ways to select rows from a dataframe. One of the commonly used approach to filter rows of a dataframe is to use the indexing in multiple ways. For example, one can use label based indexing with loc function.

As Jake VanderPlas nicely explains, introducing query() function

While these abstractions are efficient and effective for many common use cases, they often rely on the creation of temporary intermediate objects, which can cause undue overhead in computational time and memory use.

Not just that, often this involve slightly messier code with a lot of repetition. A simpler alternative in Pandas to select or filter rows dataframe with specified condition is to use query function Pandas.

In this post, we will see multiple examples of using query function in Pandas to select or filter rows of Pandas data frame based values of columns.

Let us first load Pandas.

Let us load gapminder dataset to work through examples of using query() to filter rows.

Filtering Rows of Pandas Dataframe – the usual way

Let us say we want to subset the gapminder dataframe such that we want all rows whose country value is United States. We can use Pandas indexing to subset the gapminder dataframe for United States as follows. Here we first create a boolean series and use it to filter the dataframe.

And we would get

Filtering Rows of Pandas Dataframe by variable using query() function

In the above example, we can see that we have to create an intermediate boolean variable and also have to repeat “gapminder” two times.

Filtering Rows with Pandas query(): Example 1

A cleaner approach to filter Pandas dataframe is to use Pandas query() function and select rows. The way to query() function to filter rows is to specify the condition within quotes inside query().

And we would get the same answer as above.

Filtering Rows with Pandas query(): Example 2

In the above query() example we used string to select rows of a dataframe. We can also use it to select based on numerical values. For example, to select rows for year 1952, we can write

And we would get a new dataframe for the year 1952.

Filtering Rows with Pandas query() multiple conditions: Example 3

Similarly, we use boolean operators to combine multiple conditions. For example, if want to select rows corresponding to US for the year greater than 1996,

And we would get

Filtering Rows with Pandas query() Multiple Conditions: Example 4

We can also use query() to check for matches with a list of values corresponding to a column. Here we use in operator to check for equality.

And we would get

Filtering Rows with Pandas query(): Example 5

Starting with Pandas 1.0.0. query() function has expanded the functionalities of using backtick quoting for more than only spaces. In the simplest use case backticks quoted variable is useful for column names with spaces in it. For example, if we have data frame with column ‘C C’ with space

We can use query function with backticks quoting as shown in Pandas documentation.

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython¶

Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Pythonwebsite (https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python,which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is availablethere.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

• A Python3.9 folder in your Applications folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; and PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder.

• A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.

4.1.1. How to run a Python script¶

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

• Drag it to PythonLauncher

• Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI¶

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.

With Python 3.9, you can use either python or pythonw.

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4.1.3. Configuration¶

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.

4.2. The IDE¶

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttp://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages¶

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

• Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall).

• Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac¶

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There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac¶

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.

4.6. Other Resources¶

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:

Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:

PANDAS Mac OS